THE PHENOMENON OF DISCOMFORT TOWARD ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MODERATED BY EMPOWERING LEADERSHIP

Eric Harianto, Teofilus Teofilus, Denny Bernardus Kurnia Wahyudono, Alviano Herbert Menny, Muhammad Azizurrohman

Abstract


Organizational change is an inevitable demand in the era of globalization. These changes can lead to discomfort, which can reduce organizational commitment in each member of the organization. It can happen because everyone in the organization is forced to leave their comfort zone to face new situations. The study was conducted to determine the phenomenon of discomfort in educational organizations that are making changes to the organization and whether this phenomenon influences the work commitment of organizational members. The empowering leadership variable will then moderate the relationship between the two variables. Empowering leadership is a leadership method in which a leader provides opportunities for subordinates to be independent at work (autonomy) and provides development opportunities. This study uses a questionnaire method in data collection and gets 255 respondents from Ciputra school foundations in Indonesia. This study uses SPSS as software in data processing to obtain research results. Based on the results of this study, discomfort does not have a significant impact on respondents who have a high level of commitment but can increase commitment if given empowering leadership. Discomfort cannot have a negative impact on organizational commitment because the majority of respondents' profile factors have strong organizational values, so they have built a commitment to schools. The research results can certainly be implemented by relevant organizations when they want to make organizational changes. Empowering leadership, which has a positive impact on commitment, is useful for accelerating change and keeping members of their organization.


Keywords


Empowering Leadership; Discomfort; Organizational Commitment; Organizational Change

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmad, R., Nawaz, M. R., Ishaq, M. I., Khan, M. M., and Ashraf, H. A. 2022. Social Exchange Theory: Systematic Review and Future Directions. Front Psychol, 13, pp. 1015921. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015921.

Allen, N. J. dan Meyer, J. P. 1990. The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, pp. 1–18.

Al-Jabari, B. and Ghazzawi, I. 2019. Organizational Commitment: A Review of the Conceptual and Empirical Literature and a Research Agenda. International Leadership Journal, 11(2).

Almaamari, Q., Raju, V., and Ahmed Al-Maamari, Q. 2020. Does Organizational Commitment Affect Individual Readiness for Total Quality Management (TQM) Implementation? An Empirical Study within Yemen Oil Units Marketing Management View Project Total Quality Management Practices View. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344151343.

Amundsen, Stein and Martinsen, Øyvind. 2014. Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-Leadership and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 22. DOI: 10.1177/1548051814565819.

Anggreyani, N. M. and Satrya, I. G. H. 2020. Effect of Job Satisfaction, Employee Empowerment, and Job Stress towards Organizational Commitment. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(6), pp. 108-113.

Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, N., and Murti, T. R. 2019. Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 8(4), pp. 124–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i4.274.

Asbari, M., Hidayat, D., and Purwanto, A. 2021. Managing Employee Performance: From Leadership to Readiness for Change. International Journal of Social and Management Studies (IJOSMAS). http://www.ijosmas.org.

Beycioglu, Kadir and Kondakci, Yasar. 2020. Organizational Change in Schools. ECNU Review of Education, 4. 209653112093217.10.1177/2096531120932177.

Blau, P. M. 1964. Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), pp. 193–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x.

Brackett, M., Palomera, R., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Reyes, C., and Salovey, P. 2010. Emotion‐Regulation Ability, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction among British Secondary‐School Teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 47, pp. 406-417. 10.1002/pits.20478.

Burke, W. W. and Noumair, D. A. 2015. Organization Development : A Process of Learning and Changing (3rd Ed.).

Bouckenooghe, D. M., Schwarz, G., and Minbashian, A. 2014. Herscovitch and Meyer's Three-Component Model of Commitment to Change: Meta-Analytic Findings. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), pp. 578-595. DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2014.963059.

Capodaglio, E. M. 2022. Participatory Ergonomics for the Reduction of Musculoskeletal Exposure of Maintenance Workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(1), pp. 376–386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1761670.

Chen, C. F. and Hsu, Y. C. 2020. Taking a Closer Look at Bus Driver Emotional Exhaustion and Well-Being: Evidence from Taiwanese Urban Bus Drivers. Safety and Health at Work, 11(3), pp. 353-360.

Chiang, C. F. and Chen, J. 2021. How Empowering Leadership and a Cooperative Climate Influence Employees' Voice Behavior and Knowledge Sharing in the Hotel Industry. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 22(4), pp. 476–495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2020.1802391.

Davidson, K. 2020. Increasing Organizational Commitment: Empowering Employees in the Workplace. Portland State University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.869.

Davila, V. J., Meltzer, A. J., Hallbeck, M. S., Stone, W. M., and Money, S. R. 2019. Physical Discomfort, Professional Satisfaction, and Burnout in Vascular Surgeons. J Vasc Surg, 70(3), pp. 913-920 e912. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.11.026.

Emerson, R. M. 1976. Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), pp. 335–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003.

Escadas, M., Jalali, M. S., and Farhangmehr, M. 2019. Why Bad Feelings Predict Good Behaviours: The Role of Positive and Negative Anticipated Emotions on Consumer Ethical Decision Making. Business Ethics, 28(4), pp. 529–545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12237.

Evans, R. 2003. Social Dynamics. The Economic Journal, 113(488), pp. F382–F384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.01392.

Faupel, S. and Süß, S. 2019. The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employees During Organizational Change–An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Change Management, 19(3), pp. 145–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2018.1447006.

Fritz, J. H., O'Neil, N. B., Popp, A. M., Williams, C., and Arnett, R. C. 2013. The Influence of Supervisory Behavioral Integrity on Intent to Comply with Organizational Ethical Standards and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(2), pp. 251–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1345-z.

Guo, J., Qiu, Y., and Gan, Y. 2022. Workplace Incivility and Work Engagement: The Chain Mediating Effects of Perceived Insider Status, Affective Organizational Commitment and Organizational Identification. Current Psychology, 41(4), pp. 1809–1820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00699-z.

Guzeller, C. O. and Celiker, N. 2020. Examining the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention via a Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 14(1), pp. 102–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2019-0094.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C. M. 2019. When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 2-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.

Herscovitch, L. and Meyer, J. P. 2002. Commitment to Organizational Change: Extension of a Three-Component Model. J Appl Psychol, 87(3), pp. 474-487. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.474.

Homans, G. C. 1958. Social Behavior as Exchange.

Imron, A., Wiyono, B. B., Hadi, S., Gunawan, I., Abbas, A., Saputra, B. R., and Perdana, D. B. 2020. Teacher Professional Development to Increase Teacher Commitment in the Era of the Asean Economic Community.

Jung, K. B., Kang, S. W., and Choi, S. B. 2020. Empowering Leadership, Risk-Taking Behavior, and Employees' Commitment to Organizational Change: The Mediated Moderating Role of Task Complexity. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062340.

Kerns, C. D., Karriker, J. H., Hartman, N. S., Shepherd, D., and Yeon, S. 2019. Leading Thought Leadership: A Practice-Oriented Framework the Emergent Phenomenology of Pink Triangle Memorials Marnie Rorholm the Harder They Must Fall?: Leadership Self-Efficacy as Hindrance to Millennials' Leadership Development Organizational Commitment: A Review of the Conceptual and Empirical Literature and a Research Agenda Basel Al-Jabari and Issam Ghazzawi PRACTICE Teacher Leadership in English Language Learning: A Paradigm for Educational Influence in a Field with Unique Needs. www.tesu.edu/ilj.

Kim, M. and Beehr, T. A. 2020. Empowering Leadership: Leading People to be Present through Affective Organizational Commitment?. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(16), pp. 2017–2044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1424017.

Kim, M. and Beehr, T. A. 2020. Job Crafting Mediates How Empowering Leadership and Employees' Core Self-Evaluations Predict Favourable and Unfavourable Outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(1), pp. 126–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1697237.

Kim, M. and Beehr, T. A. 2021. The Power of Empowering Leadership: Allowing and Encouraging Followers to Take Charge of Their Own Jobs. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 32(9), pp. 1865–1898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1657166.

Kim, M., Beehr, T. A., and Prewett, M. S. 2018. Employee Responses to Empowering Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 25(3), pp. 257–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051817750538.

Kundu, S. C., Kumar, S., and Gahlawat, N. 2019. Empowering Leadership and Job Performance: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. Management Research Review, 42(5), pp. 605–624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-04-2018-0183.

Loan, L. T. M. 2020. The Influence of Organizational Commitment on Employees' Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Management Science Letters, pp. 3308–3312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.007.

Mansour, A., Rowlands, H., Al-Gasawneh, J. A., Nusairat, N. M., Al-Qudah, S., Shrouf, H., and Akhorshaideh, A. H. 2022. Perceived Benefits of Training, Individual Readiness for Change, and Affective Organizational Commitment among Employees of National Jordanian Banks. Cogent Business and Management, 9(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1966866.

Mertens, W. and Recker, J. 2020. How Store Managers Can Empower Their Teams to Engage in Constructive Deviance: Theory Development through a Multiple Case Study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101937.

Muafi, Fachrunnisa, O., Siswanti, Y., El-Qadri, Z. M., and Harjito, D. A. 2019. Empowering Leadership and Individual Readiness to Change: the Role of People Dimension and Work Method. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 10(4), pp. 1515–1535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00618-z.

Muhammad-Shahnawaz, A. 2016. Impact of Change Readiness on Commitment to Technological Change, Focal, and Discretionary Behaviors: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector of Karachi. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(2), pp. 222-241. DOI: 10.1108/JOCM-11-2014-0198.

Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., and Lien, G. 2020. Empowering Leadership, Work Group Cohesiveness, Individual Learning Orientation, and Individual Innovative Behaviour in the Public Sector: Empirical Evidence from Norway. International Journal of Public Leadership, 16(2), pp. 175–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-07-2019-0045.

Mwesigwa, R., Tusiime, I., and Ssekiziyivu, B. 2020. Leadership Styles, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among Academic Staff in Public Universities. Journal of Management Development, 39(2), pp. 253–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2018-0055.

Nadia, F. N. D., Sukoco, B. M., Susanto, E., Sridadi, A. R., and Nasution, R. A. 2020. Discomfort and Organizational Change as a Part of Becoming a World-Class University. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(8), pp. 1265–1287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2019-0348.

Nguyen, H. N., Le, Q. H., Tran, Q. B., Tran, T. H. M., Nguyen, T. H. Y., and Nguyen, T. T. Q. 2020. The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Employee Motivation: A Study in Vietnamese Enterprises. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(6), pp. 439–447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.439.

Rodrigo, P., Aqueveque, C., and Duran, I. J. 2019. Do Employees Value Strategic CSR? A Tale of Affective Organizational Commitment and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Business Ethics, 28(4), pp. 459–475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12227.

Sinclair, R. R. and Tetrick, L. E. 1995. Social Exchange and Union Commitment: A Comparison of Union Instrumentality and Union Support Perceptions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(6), pp. 669-680.

Soomro, B. A. and Shah, N. 2019. Determining the Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Employee's Performance. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), pp. 266–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-12-2018-0142.

Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., and Locke, E. A. 2006. Empowering Leadership in Management Teams: Effects on Knowledge Sharing, Efficacy, and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), pp. 1239–1251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.23478718.

Susmann, M. W. and Wegener, D. T. 2022. The Role of Discomfort in the Continued Influence Effect of Misinformation. Memory and Cognition, 50(2), pp. 435–448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01232-8.

Thien, L. M. 2019. Distributive Leadership Functions, Readiness for Change, and Teachers' Affective Commitment to Change: A Partial Least Squares Analysis. SAGE Open, 9(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019846209.

Veilleux, J. C. 2019. The Relationship between Distress Tolerance and Cigarette Smoking: A Systematic Review and Synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 71, pp. 78–89. Elsevier Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.003.

Wang, T., Olivier, D. F., and Chen, P. 2020. Creating Individual and Organizational Readiness for Change: Conceptualization of System Readiness for Change in School Education. International Journal of Leadership in Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1818131.

Wörtler, B., Van Yperen, N. W., and Barelds, D. P. H. 2022. The Link between Empowering Leadership and Employees' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Blended Working. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 63(3), pp. 208–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12796.

Zanabazar, Altanchimeg and Jigjiddorj, Sarantuya. 2022. Relationships between Mental Workload, Job Burnout, and Organizational Commitment. SHS Web of Conferences. DOI: 132.01003.10.1051/shsconf/202213201003.

Zhang, X. and Bartol, K. M. 2010. Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), pp. 107-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.48037118.

Zhu, J., Yao, J., and Zhang, L. 2019. Linking Empowering Leadership to Innovative Behavior in Professional Learning Communities: The Role of Psychological Empowerment and Team Psychological Safety. Asia Pacific Education Review, 20(4), pp. 657–671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09584-2.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2023.021.04.01

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.