Relationship of Perceived Overqualification and Turnover Intention: The Role of Job Satisfaction and Transformational Leadership
Downloads
Employees with perceived overqualification have a strong need for self-actualization and development, which, if not met, can lead to frustration and increase turnover intention. This study examines the complex relationship between perceived overqualification and employee turnover intention, with job satisfaction as a mediating factor and transformational leadership as a moderating variable. This research type is quantitative, using a questionnaire with a Likert scale. Data was taken from 160 employees of startup marketplace companies in the Special Region of Jakarta who are members of Generation Z. The data sample was selected using a purposive sampling approach. The data processing results using SEM-PLS indicate that perceived overqualification positively predicts turnover intention, with this relationship partially mediated by decreased job satisfaction. It is also known that transformational leadership can weaken the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention but strengthen the relationship between perceived overqualification and job satisfaction. These findings provide an empirical concept that in carrying out commitments to manage employees with perceived overqualification (especially Generation Z), companies need to focus on channeling excess qualifications by setting a platform and developing leadership.
Al-Jubouri, Z. T. K. 2023. The Role of Transformational Leadership for Human Resource Managers in Training and Development. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(4), pp. 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i4.1376.
Ali, B. J. and Anwar, G. 2021. Employee Turnover Intention and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 7(6), pp. 22–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.76.3.
Andrade, L. 2023. The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship between Perceived Overqualification , Turnover Intention and Job Performance among Call Center Employees. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 54(4), pp. 262–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2023.148845.
Aramayis, S. 2023. From Gen X to Gen Z : Features and Main Characteristics in the Workplace. Region and World, 1, pp. 176–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58587/18292437-2023.1-176.
Ayik, Ö. and Alpullu, A. 2022. Investigating the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction : An Application on Trainers. International Journal Sport, Exercise, and Training Sciences, 8(4), pp. 119–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1163328.
Azmy, A., Wiadi, I., Manohara, B., and Rini, D. 2023. The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance at PT. Krakatau Bandar Samudera. Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2023). 10.2991/978-94-6463-244-6_23.
Basroni, N. F. 2023. The Challenges of Millennial and Gen-Z Generation Workforce in Indonesia. Jurnal of Economy, Accounting, and Management Science, 5(1), pp. 43–52. DOI: https://doi.org/http://wastu.unmerbaya.ac.id/index.php/wastu/index.
Bass, B. M. 1999. Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), pp. 9–32.
Bergner, S., Rybnicek, R., and Koschutnig, K. 2022. Leadership and Credition: Followers’ Neural Response to Leaders Who Are Perceived as Transformational. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, pp. 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.943896.
Bharathi, D. 2019. A Study on Effective Employee Retention Strategies with Reference to Nextsphere Technologies. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 7(9), pp. 485–491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.9068.
Bickes, D. M., Yilmaz, C., Samur, A., and Demirtas, O. 2019. The Relationship between Perceived Overqualification and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Moderating Role of Perceived Distributive Justice. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 8(1), pp. 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i1.4628.
BPS. 2023. Bonus Demografi dan Visi Indonesia Emas 2045. https://bigdata.bps.go.id/documents/datain/2023_01_2_Bonus_Demografi_dan_Visi_Indonesia Emas_2045.pdf.
Chen, C., Feng, J., and Liu, X. 2020. How Perceived Overqualification and Leader Humility Interact to Influence Turnover Intention. Academy of Management, 1, pp. 36–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.85.
Chen, G., Tang, Y., and Su, Y. 2021. The Effect of Perceived Over-Qualification on Turnover Intention from a Cognition Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(October), pp. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699715.
Chen, X., Tang, L., Liu, L., Bai, Z., and Chen, R. 2021. Factors Related to Turnover Intention among Staff of Elderly Caring Social Organizations in Anhui Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), pp. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07284-5.
Debus, M. E., Körner, B., Wang, M., and Kleinmann, M. 2023. Reacting to Perceived Overqualification: Uniting Strain-Based and Self-Regulatory Adjustment Reactions and the Moderating Role of Formal Work Arrangements. Journal of Business and Psychology, 38(2), pp. 411–435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09870-8.
Dwidienawati, D., Devin, J., Andri, L., and Junaidi, K. 2022. The Effect of Work-Life Balance and Work Engagement on Turnover Intention on Millennial and Z Generation in Indonesia. Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, pp. 1176–1182.
Ekhsan, M. 2019. The Influence Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Employee Turnover Intention. Journal of Business, Management, and Accounting, 1(1), pp. 48–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v22i1.8154.
Elrayah, M. and Mabkhot, H. 2023. Organizational Commitment and Employees Turnover Intention in Saudi Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Work Environemnt. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(10), e03788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i10.3788.
Erdogan, B. and Bauer, T. N. 2021. Overqualification at Work: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, pp. 259–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055831.
Erdogan, B., Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z., Caughlin, D. E., Bauer, T. N., and Gumusluoglu, L. 2020. Employee Overqualification and Manager Job Insecurity: Implications for Employee Career Outcomes. Human Resource Management, 59(6), pp. 555–567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22012.
Fachrurazi, F. 2023. The Influence of Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance Mediated Job Satisfaction on CV Sukinem Baja Industry. Jurnal Apresiasi Ekonomi, 11(2), pp. 329–338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31846/jae.v11i2.637.
Faeq, D. K. and Ismael, Z. N. 2022. Organizational Culture as a Mediator between Employee Dissatisfaction and Turnover Intention. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 7(5), pp. 095–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.75.17.
Fan, P., Zhang, H., Yang, S., Yu, Z., and Guo, M. 2023. Do Illegitimate Tasks Lead to Work Withdrawal Behavior among Generation Z Employees in China? The Role of Perceived Insider Status and Overqualification. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090702.
Fida, A. and Bagis, F. 2023. Examining the Influence of Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction to Reduce Turnover Intention with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 23(24), pp. 124–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEBA/2023/v23i241192.
Fitta, R., Dewi, F. I. R., and Idulfilastri, R. M. 2020. The Role of Job Insecurity and Organizational Commitment to Turnover Intention on Startup Employee. Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020), 478(Ticash), pp. 561–565.
Gabriel, O. D., Don, C., Vicshan, T., Jayang, E. A., and Wai, L. C. 2022. Understanding the Impact of Transformational Leadership on Generation Z Employee Retention and Innovative Behaviour : A Case of Malaysian Hotel Industry. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious, 9(4), pp. 35–53. DOI: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v9i4.3667.
Gan, E. and Voon, M. L. 2021. The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Intentions: A Conceptual Review. SHS Web of Conferences, 124, 08005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112408005.
Gandasari, D., Dwidienawati, D., and Tjahjana, D. 2023. Gen Z, Which One: Transformational or Servant Leadership ?. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 8, pp. 68–78. DOI: https://doi.org/http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijems.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Hult, G. T. M., and Sarstedt, M. 2013. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), pp. 184–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.002.
Harari, M. B., Manapragada, A., and Viswesvaran, C. 2017. Who Thinks They’re a Big Fish in a Small Pond and Why Does It Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Perceived Overqualification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102(October), pp. 28–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.06.002.
Hardi, Alviani, D., Dewi, P., Astarina, I., and Fitrio, T. 2024. The Roles of Respectful Leadership and Overqualified Employees on Knowledge Sharing and Knowledge Hiding. Journal of Applied Management, 22(1), pp. 206–219. DOI: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi. org/10.21776/ub.jam.2024.022.01.16.
Hemsworth, D. 2013. Examining Bass’ Transformational Leadership in Public Sector Executives. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(3), pp. 853–862.
Hui, S. A., Ping, K. Y. and Yuan, F. C. 2023. The Relationship between Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention among Accounting Personnel in Public Accounting Firms. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 9(2), pp. 63–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.5795.2023.
IDN Research Institute. 2024. Indonesia Gen Z Report 2024.
Ike, O. O., Ugwu, L. E., Enwereuzor, I. K., Eze, I. C., Omeje, O., and Okonkwo, E. 2023. Expanded-Multidimensional Turnover Intentions: Scale Development and Validation. BMC Psychology, 11(1), pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01303-2.
Kaymakcı, R., Görener, A., and Toker, K. 2022. The Perceived Overqualification’s Effect on Innovative Work Behaviour: Do Transformational Leadership and Turnover Intention Matter?. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 3(October 2021), 100068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100068.
Khan, J., Ali, A., Saeed, I., Vega-Muñoz, A., and Contreras-Barraza, N. 2022. Person–Job Misfit: Perceived Overqualification and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(July). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.936900.
Khan, S. U. R., Anjam, M., Abu Faiz, M., Khan, F., and Khan, H. 2020. Probing the Effects of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Job Satisfaction With Interaction of Organizational Learning Culture. SAGE Open, 10(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020930771.
Khassawneh, O., Mohammad, T., and Momany, M. T. 2023. Perceived Overqualification and Job Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Manager Envy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(1), pp. 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010084.
Lahi, B. 2016. Should Overqualification among Employees be Addressed?. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), pp. 126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p126-130.
Lee, H.-M., Chou, M.-J., and Wu, H.-T. 2016. The Measurement of Perceived Overqualification and the Relationships among Perceived Overqualification, Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction of Private Kindergarten Teachers. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(8), pp. 1–15.
Liu, F., Li, J., Lan, J., and Gong, Y. 2023. Linking Perceived Overqualification to Work Withdrawal, Employee Silence, and Pro-Job Unethical Behavior in a Chinese Context: The Mediating Roles of Shame and Anger. Review of Managerial Science, 0123456789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00619-y.
Liu, Z., Kim, T., Yang, J., and Huang, Y. 2024. Perceived Overqualification and Employee Outcomes : The Dual Pathways and the Moderating Effects of Dual-Focused Transformational Leadership. Human Resource Management, pp. 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22221.
Luz, C. M. D. R., De’Paula, S. L., and De’Oliveira, L. M. B. 2018. Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Their Possible Influences on Intent to Turnover. Revista de Gestao, 25(1), pp. 84–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-12-2017-008.
Maynard, D. C. ., Joseph, T. A., and Maynard, A. M. 2006. Underemployment, Job Attitudes, and Turnover Intention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, pp. 509–536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.389.
Milhem, M., Muda, H., and Ahmed, K. 2019. The Effect of Perceived Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Engagement: The Mediating Effect of Leader’s Emotional Intelligence. Foundations of Management, 11(1), pp. 33–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2019-0003.
Mohamed, Y., Salama, A., and Farrag, M. 2020. The Role of Individual Considerations and Intellectual Stimulation of Transformational Leadership in Empowering the Employees in the Egyptian Travel Agencies. Journal of Modern Research, 0(0), pp. 0–0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/jmr.2020.42903.1047.
Montuori, P., Sorrentino, M., Sarnacchiaro, P., Di Duca, F., Nardo, A., Ferrante, B., D’Angelo, D., Di Sarno, S., Pennino, F., Masucci, A., Triassi, M., and Nardone, A. 2022. Job Satisfaction: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Analysis in a Well-Educated Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114214.
Muslih, M., Giyoto, G., Makruf, I., and Annisyaroh, S. 2022. The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employee Job Satisfaction (Study at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Assaidiyah Surabaya). Tadbir : Jurnal Studi Manajemen Pendidikan, 6(2), pp. 187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29240/jsmp.v6i2.4666.
Nawardi, A. and Berliyanti, D. O. 2023. The Effect of Human Resources Management Practices, Transformational Leadership on Turnover Intention Mediated by Work Engagement on Stateowned Bank Employees. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 06(01), pp. 288–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i1-36.
Ning, L., Jia, H., Gao, S., Liu, M., Xu, J., Ge, S., Li, M., and Yu, X. 2023. The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Presenteeism on the Relationship between Job Stress and Turnover Intention among Primary Health Care Workers. International Journal for Equity in Health, pp. 1–11.
Nugroho, S. H. and Afifah, S. 2021. The Relationship of Organizational Justice and Job Embeddedness on Turnover Intention with Mediation of Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT, 29(1), pp. 335–346. http://ijpsat.ijsht-journals.org.
Orpina, S. 2022. Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention among Malaysian Private University Academics : Perceived Organisational Support as a Moderator Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention among Malaysian Private University. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 16(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v16i1.1002.
Piotrowska, M. 2022. Job Attributes Affect the Relationship between Perceived Overqualification and Retention. Future Business Journal, 8(38), pp. 1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-022-00147-3.
Pranitasari, D., Julian, J., Said, M., and Nugroho, S. H. 2022. The Mediating Effect of Work Engagement on Competence, Work Environment and Job Satisfaction. Jurnal Manajemen, 13(3), pp. 365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32832/jm-uika.v13i3.7346.
Rahman, S. M. 2020. Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention : Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Business Consortium, 10(2), pp. 99–108. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18034/abr.v10i2.470.
Rasheed, R., Bhasi, M., and Halawi, A. H. 2022. Turnover Intention among Overqualified Employees: A Multi Group Analysis and Its Implications. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(9), pp. 3976–3993. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/13049%0Ahttps://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/download/13049/8459.
Rembang, M. A. and Wijono, S. 2023. Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention at PT X Yogyakarta. Journal of Social Research, 2(8), pp. 2529–2534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i8.1300.
Rokka, D. and Khanal, N. 2023. Job Satisfaction of Health Professionals Working in Governmental Tertiary Level Hospitals of Nepal. American Journal of Medical Science and Innovation (AJMSI), 02(01), pp. 39–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmsi.v2i1.1330.
Sali, A. H. P. 2023. Indonesian Gen Z Work Values, Preference between Startups and Corporations, and Intention to Apply. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan West Science, 1(03), pp. 236–245.
Saragih, H., Supriyati, Y., and Nikensari, S. I. 2019. The Effect of Leader Member Exchange (LMX), Perceived Overqualification, and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention in the Indonesian Ministry of Defense. 86(Icobame 2018), pp. 18–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icobame-18.2019.4.
Scrotch, H. 2019. Are You Ready for Gen Z in the Workplace?. Human Resource Management Review, 61(3), pp. 5–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619841006.
Singer, M. F., Callendar, C. L., and Tham, S. M. 2023. Differences in Perceived Influencer Authenticity: A Comparison of Gen Z and Millennials’ Definitions of Influencer Authenticity during the De-Influencer Movement. De Gruyter Mouton, 2(3), pp. 351–378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2023-0038.
Soelton, M., Wahyono, T., Oktaviar, C., Arief, H., Saratian, E. T. P., Cahyawati, I., and Syah, T. Y. R. 2021. Job Insecurity Anomaly on Turnover Intention and Employee Performance in the Organization Heavy Equipment Transportation Services. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(2), pp. 211–216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.2.822.
Spector, Paul E. 1997. Job Satisfaction Survey. University of South Florida: Department of Psychology.
Suhardjono, S., Sugiarto, H., Yuliandari, D., and Sudradjat, A. 2023. Classifying Half-Unemployment Levels in Indonesian Provinces : A K-Means Approach for Informed Policy Decisions. Penelitian Ilmu Komputer, Sistem Embedded and Logic, 11(225), pp. 435–446. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33558/piksel. v11i2.7390.
Takdir, S., Syah, T. Y. R., and Anindita, R. 2020. Cultural Intelligence Effect on Job Satisfaction over Employee Performance. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 4(1), pp. 28–33.
Thiagaraj, D. and Thangaswamy, A. 2017. Theoretical Concept of Job Satisfaction - A Study. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 5(6), pp. 464–470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2057.
Tomás, I., González-Romá, V., Valls, V., and Hernández, A. 2023. Perceived Overqualification and Work Engagement: The Moderating Role of Organizational Size. Current Psychology, 42(26), pp. 23069–23079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03420-4.
Warsito, T. 2019. Attaining the Demographic Bonus in Indonesia. Jurnal Pajak Dan Keuangan Negara (PKN), 1(1), pp. 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31092/jpkn.v1i1.611.
Wasserman, M. F. K. H. A. 2018. The Effect of Perceived Overqualification on Job Satisfaction and Career Satisfaction among Immigrants: Does Host National Identity Matter?. Int J Intercult Relat, 61, pp. 77–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.09.001.The.
Widyaningrum, L. R. and Amalia, L. 2023. The Impact of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Employee Engagement on Employee Performance at Indonesia’s Flight School. Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani, 3(4), pp. 802–810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v3i4.2587.
Wubetie, A., Taye, B., and Girma, B. 2020. Magnitude of Turnover Intention and Associated Factors among Nurses Working in Emergency Departments of Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study. BMC Nursing, 19(1), pp. 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00490-2.
Yan, Z., Mansor, Z. D., Choo, W. C., and Abdullah, A. R. 2021. Mitigating Effect of Psychological Capital on Employees’ Withdrawal Behavior in the Presence of Job Attitudes : Evidence from Five-Star Hotels in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(March), pp. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.617023.
Zhang, M., Wang, F., Weng, H., Zhu, T., and Liu, H. 2021. Transformational Leadership and Perceived Overqualification: A Career Development Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(February), pp. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.597821.
Zhang, X., Bian, L., Bai, X., Kong, D., Liu, L., Chen, Q., and Li, N. 2020. The Influence of Job Satisfaction, Resilience and Work Engagement on Turnover Intention among Village Doctors in China : A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Health Services Research, 20(283), pp. 1–11.
Zhao, J. 2023. Study on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Teachers ’ Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 5(18), pp. 54–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDE.2023.051809.
